Interviewing Elderly Person Free Essays

Jheanell Thompson March 28, 2009 LEH301/0792 Black Image Midterm Research Observation Midterm Observation On March eighteenth, 2009 at Lehman College the school facilitated an Educational College Summit for staff, approaching understudies and flow undergrads. The subject depended on â€Å"Increase in the Number of New York City High School Graduates Enrolling at CUNY Colleges,† which shows the ascending of Blacks and Hispanic High School understudies from New York City Public Schools that are enlisting into CUNY multi year senior and junior colleges. More understudies enlisting from the state funded schools into CUNY universities is the confirmation of the instruction changes that are working and planning understudies better for advanced education opportunities,† civic chairman Bloomberg had cited in his discourse at the school highest point. We will compose a custom article test on Talking Elderly Person or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The highest point was instructive the motivation behind why is on the grounds that College Summit immerses these workshop understudies with assets, for example, composing mentors, tutors and prepared guides, so as to impart in them the conviction that they without a doubt are ‘college material,’ while giving them the data and information to join up with school. School Summit’s is to build the school enlistment pace of low-pay understudies. With secondary schools, universities, bosses, network pioneers and the open segment, College Summit is to work to guarantee that each understudy who can make it in school makes it to school. A developing number of schools, educators and instructors currently have the apparatuses through expert advancement preparing gave by College Summit on the best way to best help the requirements of understudies through the school application process. Teachers are additionally utilizing College Summit’s educational plan to separate the application procedure into more simplicity. Schools, as well, presently have the sort of information and bolster they have to focus on school access for all understudies. For readiness of secondary school understudy I accept understudies do prevail at finishing their training, advancing into advanced education can seem, by all accounts, to be prevailing with obstructions that can't be survived. However, we have low salary families that ought to be decide in getting an advanced degree when the understudy wants to advance through school. Low salary understudies can be helped with money related guide from state and government elements that will permit them to manage the cost of advanced education. Additionally, if understudies that originates from families that have recently gone to school, are almost certain too effectively for understudies entering school. Along these lines, since one of the objectives of secondary schools in the government funded instruction framework is to plan understudies forever following secondary school, it creates the impression that piece of that planning ought to be for the understudy to comprehend the procedures related with entering advanced education. One thing that the city hall leader talks on was High School understudies are presently accepting their secondary school recognition and entering school simultaneously. Today High School understudies are graduating on time is on the ascent, since right now it is more enthusiastically for dropout understudies to land positions than for understudies with secondary school confirmations. These days, understudies are required to have great aptitudes so as to land great paying positions. The main way they can get those abilities is by remaining in school and getting a certificate to demonstrate they have obtained the aptitudes they requirement for the activity. To me I feel that High School Students ought not be allowed to drop out of school since it will be more earnestly for them to land great paying positions. In our nation’s biggest networks today our understudies of shading, fundamentally African American and Latino are currently completing secondary school. I surmise they currently understanding that without a High School certificate can go anyplace throughout everyday life, particularly in today’s hard economy we are confronting. The fact of the matter is to connect with understudies and point them to the correct heading by financing tutoring programs, bolster gatherings and so forth. I for instance, I appreciate being an understudy more than being a secondary school understudy. In the time that I have been in school, I have seen that more opportunity is permitted to understudies in school than in secondary school. Such decisions as the note taking, the earth, or class determination are a couple of instances of how school is less prohibitive than secondary school. In light of the instructive opportunity and having more authority over my training, I find being an understudy more agreeable than being a secondary school understudy. Tutoring is a significant perspective in our lives and we should experience numerous means to advanced education; the most significant strides in the public eye today, are secondary school and school. Albeit secondary school and school focus on a similar objective, school is the dependable factor. Since, I needed to learn on my own one of a kind, since my first year of school as a green bean till now as a senior in school. The most effective method to refer to Interviewing Elderly Person, Papers

Detective story Essays

Analyst story Essays Analyst story Essay Analyst story Essay Article Topic: City Lights I required another case quick. Sitting in my dump of an office was not going to gain me cash. It had been some time since I was in real life, and my office appeared as though an immense tornado had strolled through it. The backdrop was starting to strip off and turn yellow. My work area seemed as though it had gone through more promising times and my floor didnt even exist because of the ocean of papers. I was starting to get a cerebral pain contemplating the condition of the spot. One glass of whisky ought to settle that problem.As I sunk into my cowhide seat, I turned and watched out of the window. That was the main positive angle about being in this office. The view was sublime, particularly at night when the city lights were on. With obscurity covering the city, every one of its imperfections were covered up and for a couple of hours consistently, London looked attractive.I was starting to loosen up when a thump on the entryway destroyed the harmony. I mumbled a revile and shoute d Come in. The entryway gradually squeaked open and my irritation expanded. For the love of all that is pure and holy, the entryway wasnt that difficult to open and the region around it was really paper free. In any case, my protests held back when I saw who stepped in. This one was a looker. Indeed, even simply taking a gander at her legs was sufficient to disclose to me this would have been a fascinating customer. My eyes went from her legs further upwards to locate a tight-fitting dark pencil skirt that wrapped itself cozily around her legs and hips and a perfect white shirt that clung to the top portion of her body, illustrating her magnificent figure.After gazing at that for some time, I at long last tore my eyes away to see her face, I wasnt disillusioned. Favored with such a body, she even had the face to coordinate. Brilliant light hair that was deliberately styled encircled a face that had a couple of huge, precious stone blue eyes, a dainty nose and round, full lips. I mor e likely than not had my mouth draping open as her tasty lips bended into a perilous grin that revealed to me she realized she had this effect on men.Her eyes checked my ratty office, taking in the stripping backdrop and the torrential slide of records. Youre requiring a spring-cleaning here criminologist, she at last stated, her voice delicate yet additionally with an energetic edge to it. I smiled. Goodness it needs substantially more than that, miss? Jeyman. In any case, I want to be called Carla. Ideal to make your associate, Carla. Im horrendously grieved, I would offer you a seat if there was Carla grinned. No its very okay investigator. This will just pause for a minute. Her eyes shot anxiously around the room, as though she didnt need to meet my eye. Well she started reluctantly. For about a month now I have had somebody following me her voice blurred away and she looked at me from under her long lashes. I gestured, flagging her to proceed. In any case, this individual follo wing me is in no way like the typical ones. You know, the ones who continually call you, leave you blessings like blossoms and chocolates. She appeared to turn pale as she disclosed to her story and she started to tremble slightly.You cannot envision, investigator, the sort of wiped out and sickening things this individual leaves outside my entryway. She halted and shut her eyes immediately. At the point when she opened them, tears were overflowing at the edges. I was shocked. My early introduction of this lady was not at all like what it was previously. She at that point ventured into her purse and pulled out an earthy colored envelope. I trust you dont consider oddly me investigator, yet I snapped a photo of each blessing he left me. I gave her a consoling grin. Youve helped me monstrously here Carla, by taking the photos. I guarantee you that I will out who it is.I accompanied Carla to the extent the entryway at that point came back to my work area. I took a full breath and spill ed out the substance of the envelope onto my work area. There were around thirteen Polaroids and another littler envelope. I got the first and about dropped out of my seat. I was sickened. The image indicated someones squander masterminded to shape the message Darling Love with a few splatters of blood around it. This was something no woman should experience. I was likewise inquisitive with respect to what the littler envelope contained, and continued to open it. What slid out of it made me whistle. A check of 5,000 pounds gazed at me. Carla more likely than not been incredibly edgy, however what confounded me was the reason she didnt proceed to report it prior. I intellectually kicked myself for neglecting to get some information about to take a gander at the following picture, I heard a thump. Was it Carla once more? Come in! I hollered. My outward appearance probably been evident as my old accomplice, Tom Hosp, smiled and said So happy to see you as well. I claimed to not hear hi m and took a gander at the second picture. Gracious Im hurt Matt, wheres the inviting of an old companion? Grab a chair, I said. On the off chance that you can discover one. I looked down at the following picture. This one was a ghastliness. It seemed as though somebody had butchered an entire age of pigeons and hacked off their heads and this time the message was Love You. Unexpectedly the Polaroid vanished from my hands and I turned upward in inconvenience to discover Tom analyzing it, his mouth the state of an o. I moaned. About 30 minutes back, a pretty woman came to me about a weirdo who leaves her blessings. Dislike perfect thing to give a woman huh. Goodness man, Ive seen something like this previously. I livened up. You have? Sure.About two months back I had protests from a couple of ladies and a man that they were had a wide range of junk orchestrated into a message. What? Men too? Better believe it. Appears this one swings the two different ways. Goodness Lord. Did you fol ks ever discover who did it? No. The provocations halted after they were accounted for so were never sought after it. Presently its back once more. Was there a specific example? Well. They were all excellent looking individuals and had cash. I gestured. That matches. When they grumbled, to what extent had it been occurring for? For about a month, they all said. They didnt report it straight away however, they figured it would stop following seven days. That responded to my inquiry with respect to why Carla didnt take care of business when she got her first blessing. So pondering it, the blessings that Carla is getting should stop as shes revealed it currently, isn't that so? On the off chance that her stalker is following everything she might do, at that point indeed, it should stop. In any case, that would imply that the culprit would no doubt discover another person to trouble. I began kneading my sanctuaries. This case was ending up being more entangled than I thought.Tom had at last figured out how to convince me to come out for a beverage. Please! You being cooped up in here throughout the day is corrupting your looks, he kidded. I disregarded him and concentrated on my whisky, drinking it gradually and feeling the glow spread through my body. I didnt need to drink excessively. A reasonable brain was required in light of the fact that I had misinterpreted how much work was required for this case. I completed the beverage and went to Tom. Im going to the workplace. I need time to consider this case. Sick look up with you up some other time. Tom started to dissent however I had arrived at the entryway, and the virus wind outside muffled his voice. I revived my strolling pace, as the breeze was getting brutal. Truly, London climate was so erratic. Brief you have daylight, the following a thunderstorm.From a separation, I saw that something was wrong. I unmistakably turned off the patio light when I left with Tom. I hindered my strolling and made my means qui et. With Carla coming to me prior about somebody following her, I wasnt taking any risks. As I drew nearer, I felt a chill going through my spine. There on the arrival before me, was blood all over the place and to me it looked like creature guts. I felt my blood run cold at the message: Youre Next.

A tortoise and a mouse Essays

A tortoise and a mouse Essays A tortoise and a mouse Essay A tortoise and a mouse Essay A TORTOISE AND A MOUSE A mouse is cavorting all through the house and stumble into a tortoise which is moving toilsomely under its carapace. The mouse whacks its tail and marginally opens its mouth and approaches and grumbles for the tortoise: You are trusted in this carapace simply like in a dull Jail. But then you can persevere through this hopeless condition! With respect to me, all through this entire splendidly enlivened royal residence, I can unreservedly walk around, down, in and ut After hearing rhis, the tortoise counters: without a doubt my home is little, yet it is actually my own. Yours is tall and extensive yet it has a place with another holder. We occupy out own home which, paying little heed to its diminutiveness. Is better than somebody elses royal residence. A TORTOISE AND A MOUSE out After hearing rhis, the tortoise answers: beyond any doubt my home is little, however it is elses royal residence. A TORTOISE AND A MOUSE and approaches and grumbles for the tortoise: you are trusted in this carapace elses royal residence.

Assess the importance of school factors such as racism and pupils Essay

Survey the significance of school factors, for example, prejudice and pupils’ reaction to bigotry in making ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment. Bigotry is an arrangement of convictions that characterizes individuals as prevalent or substandard, and legitimizes their inconsistent treatment, based on natural contrasts, for example, skin shading. Singular bigotry alludes to the partial perspectives and prejudicial conduct of people. Institutional bigotry exists when the standard ways an association works have supremacist results paying little heed to the expectations of the people inside it. Prejudice and pupils’ reaction to bigotry are inner components which implies they occur inside schools and the instruction framework they may cause ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment which alludes to the distinctions in instructive accomplishment between the ethnic gatherings inside schools for instance, Black and Pakistani students do most noticeably awful at GCSE and Indians and Chinese do best as bolstered by the DfES (2007). Despite the fact that interior components may have added to ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment, outer factors outside of the training framework, for example, pupils’ being tangibly denied may likewise influence ethnic contrasts in accomplishment. The thing appears to help the recommendation that school factors, for example, prejudice and pupils’ reaction to bigotry may cause ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment as the thing states ‘Bangladeshi, dark and Pakistani understudies accomplish less well than different students at all phases of training which is upheld by the DfES (2007) that found on normal a little more than a portion of all Bangladeshi, dark and Pakistani young ladies left school with at least five GCSE grades A*-C. Anyway this was a ton lower for young men with just a portion of Bangladeshi young men leaving school with at least five GCSE grades A*-C and not as much as this for Pakistani and dark young men. The thing utilizes Gillborn and Youdell (2000) to clarify these distinctions just like the aftereffect of educator prejudice this is bolstered by Jenny Bourne (1994) who discovered, schools will in general observe dark pupils’ as a danger and would name them adversely, driving in the long run to prohibition. They thing likewise recommends that that sexual orientation contrasts have a significant influence in making ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment as it has been discovered that among white and dark common laborers students young ladies show improvement over young men, however among Asians young men show improvement over young ladies. By and large the thing appears to accept that factors inside school, for example, marking and educator bigotry lead to ethnic minority students being dealt with distinctively in this way being not able tofulfil their actual potential as they feel as if they are less significant and less time and consideration is given to them prompting ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment. Because of negative supremacist names, educators may treat ethnic minority understudies in an unexpected way, disadvantaging them and realizing an unavoidable outcome that prompts under-accomplishment as Gillborn and Youdell (2000) discovered instructors had ‘racialised expectations’ about dark students and considered their to be as undermining and dark understudies felt just as they were thought little of by educators. Gillborn and Youdell presume that contention between white instructors and dark understudies comes from educators bigot generalizations as opposed to pupils’ genuine conduct. This can cause under-accomplishment since it prompts: significant levels of dark young men being prohibited and dark understudies being put in lower sets or streams. This investigation plainly underpins the recommendation that school factors make ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment as the examination proposes that educators low desires for dark students prompts them being dealt with distinctively and abused by instructors driving them under accomplishing. Research has additionally discovered that Asian understudies are likewise generalized by instructors as Wright (1992) discovered Asian students were generalized by their educators and treated in an unexpected way: They were viewed as an issue and were frequently overlooked and instructors accepted that Asian understudies would have a poor handle of English and would utilize oversimplified words when instructing them. This examination is a bit of astonishing as Asian students have the most elevated level of understudies leaving school with at least five GCSE grades A*-C. Understudies may respond in a wide range of approaches to bigot naming in school, including framing or joining student subcultures this may prompt the under-accomplishment of ethnic minority bunches making ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment. Sewell (1998) found that dark young men received a scope of reactions to teachers’ supremacist naming of them as defiant and against school. One response was to join a subculture known as the ‘rebels’ they were a little yet profoundly noticeable minority of dark understudies. They dismissed the school’s objectives and administers and adjusted rather to the generalization of the ‘black macho lad’. They scorned both white young men and conventionalist dark young men. Their point was to accomplish the status of ‘street hood’. O’Donnell and Sharpe (2000) found a macho ‘warrior’ reaction like the ‘rebels’ among some Asian young men. Nonetheless, regardless of just a little minority of dark and Asian young men really fitting the generalization of ‘macho lad’,teachers would in general observe all along these lines. This brought about the under-accomplishment of numerous young men, because of separation of instructors. Anyway considers show that not all minority ethnic understudies who are adversely named acknowledge and comply with marks. Some stay focused on prevailing in spite of bigot marking: Fuller (1984) contemplated a gathering of high accomplishing dark young ladies in year 11 of a London complete. The young ladies kept up a positive mental self portrait by dismissing teachers’ generalizations of them. They perceived the estimation of instruction and were resolved to accomplish. They didn’t look for teacher’s endorsement and remained companions with dark young ladies in lower streams. This investigation would contradict the recommendation as this examination proposes that not every person that is marked in an adverse and supremacist route fits in with their name or acknowledges that they won't accomplish inside instruction. Numerous sociologists contend that in spite of the fact that the bigot marking rehearsed by certain instructors is significant, it's anything but a sufficient clarification for the far reaching ethnic contrasts found in accomplishment. Rather, they contend, institutional bigotry must be centered around. Institutional prejudice is victimization ethnic minorities that is incorporated with the way establishments, for example, schools and universities work on a standard premise, as opposed to the goals of individual educators. The ethnocentric educational plan is a significant case of institutional bigotry. ‘Ethnocentric’ alludes to mentalities or strategies that organize a culture or one specific ethnic gathering whist dismissing others. Numerous sociologists have contended that the educational plan inside British schools is ethnocentric. Troyna and Williams note that it offers need to white culture and the English language. While Ball sees the history educational plan in British schools as reproducing a ‘mythical age and past glories’, while simultaneously overlooking the historical backdrop of dark and Asian individuals. This may bring about minority ethnic gathering students feeling that they and their way of life are not esteemed in instruction and this decreases their feeling of confidence, which negatively affects their instructive accomplishment as they feel just as they are useless making them under-accomplish. The CRE (1992) investigation of ‘Jayleigh’ school found that Asian students were reliably positioned in lower sets and were less inclined to be entered for tests making them under-accomplish bringing about ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment. Additionally, the operations of the ‘A-C economy’ implied that dark understudies were set in lower sets and had less possibility of picking up capabilities. Despite the fact that inside variables may have added to ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment, outer factors outside of the training framework, for example, may likewise influence ethnic contrasts in accomplishment. Social hardship hypothesis asserts that the under-accomplishment of some ethnic gatherings is brought about by deficient socialization in the home. This clarification has two primary angles: Intellect and language abilities †social hardship hypothesis guarantees that kids from low-pay dark families need scholarly incitement. Thus, they neglect to create thinking and critical thinking aptitudes. Bereiter and Engelmann guarantee that the language of more unfortunate dark families is ungrammatical and disconnected. Thus, their kids can't communicate theoretical thoughts a significant hindrance to instructive achievement. Some case that youngsters who don't communicate in English at home might be kept down instructively. This could cause the ethnic contrasts inside instructive accomplishment as indicated by social hardship scholars ethnic minority understudies would come up short on the capacity to prevail at tests. The other part of the clarification of social hardship adding to under-accomplishment is mentalities, qualities and family structure. Contrasts in mentalities and qualities towards instruction might be the consequence of socialization. Most youngsters are associated into the standard culture, which ingrains competiveness and a longing to accomplish, along these lines preparing them for achievement in instruction However a few kids are not associated thusly and the absence of a male good example for some African-Caribbean young men may urge them to go to an enemy of instructive macho ‘gang culture’. Murray (1984) contends that the high pace of solitary guardians and an absence of positive male good examples lead to the under-accomplishment of some minority understudies causing ethnic contrasts in instructive accomplishment. This is support by Moynihan (1965) who contends that the nonappearance of a male job mode delivers insufficiently mingled

James Joyces Dubliners.

James Joyces Dubliners. Larissa ZhurakovskyaWith a populace of 1,009,100 today Dublin has consistently been an enormous city. It is just intelligent that the day by day points of view and life power of its kin unavoidably produce certain profound vitality, an aggregate awareness. This aggregate awareness doesn't vanish after it is made. It is consumed by the city itself, as it has no place else to go. The streets, the structures, the extensions, and the trees eat up this life vitality. Along these lines, the city gets vivify with this life power and increases a specific psychosomatic will. A huge city at that point purposefully utilizes this resource for control its occupants through feelings that it utilizes its vitality and will to make. In light of these feelings the individuals settle on choices that (as feelings for the most part made a uniform reaction) order the desire of the city. In any case, in light of the fact that the vitality and soul of the city was created by past ages, its will must mirror the life of the past.James Joyce, one of the dubious exclusions of...Therefore the feelings and activities delivered by the city in present occupants are dreary and backward. James Joyce perceived this example and composed his Dubliners to show this stagnation and loss of motion that Dublin spread over its occupants. Joyce utilizes portrayal, association, and setting to advance this theme.The setting of Dubliners is clearly Dublin. Joyce strikingly and meticulously portrays the city to show how it utilizes its looks and mood to make feelings and responses inside its residents.We spent quite a while strolling about the loud lanes flanked by high stone walls,watching the working of cranes and motors and regularly being yelled at for ourimmobility by the drivers of moaning trucks. It was early afternoon when we came to the quaysand...all the workers appeared to eat their lunches.Dublin makes feelings, for example, entanglement, glumness, and aimlessness with...

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Integration Conceptual Model Strategic Management Process Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Implementing a strategic management process needs some facilitators and infrastructures. One of the most important of these elements is information technology. Since running projects such as strategic management process is almost impossible without utilizing information technology, so identifying the ways that through them information technology can facilitate the strategic management process, can be so beneficial. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce some of these ways. First we have a glance at strategic management and information technology and then the role of information technology in each phase of the strategic management process is described. The final part of our paper, presents a conceptual model that illustrates the role of information technology in each phase of strategic management process. Introduction On the light of rapid growth of Information technology (IT), there is a tremendous pressure on organizations to invest huge amount of money on IT. The investment is not necessarily successful. Therefore, managers need to take into account the risks and payoffs in their investment decision-making. In addition, managers have been confronted with conflicting information regarding the outcome of IT investments. It is claimed that IT has a potential role in contributing to sustained competitive advantage Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found. Some researchers [1, 2, 3] argue that IT would be a key resource for sustainable competitive advantage, or at least complement the creation of distinctive advantages. On the other hand, others [4, 5] suggest that companies achieve nothing significant from IT investments. Whilst, it is expected the IT plays its role in the context of organizations, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization by reducing the bounded rationality of decision-making Error: Reference source not found. Despite the potential benefits, questions have been raised as to the realized benefits to IT adoption. From the strategic point of view, understanding the sources of sustained competitive advantage is a strategic imperative for researchers as well as managers Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found. IT investments have not always been effectively tied to or aligned with organizational goals, strategies, resources or capabilities. Without such a connection, IT investments may indeed represent little more than expensive paperweights Error: Reference source not found or paving the existing cow paths Error: Reference source not found. Coff and Laverty Error: Reference source not found note that strategic assets are often not appreciated because the benefits they provide are ambiguous or uncertain. As a result , increased attention needs to be focused on clarifying the relationships among intervening variables between IT investment and firm performance Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found. In order to better understand ITs role in competitive advantage, it is identify the chain of variables between IT investments and firm performance in strategic management Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found. This paper is aimed to introduce some facilitators and techniques that each one can be helpful in a special stage of strategic management process. Remaining parts of this paper are organized as follow: First, strategic management is briefly introduced in Section 2. The next section is devoted to an overview of Information Technology. Then, introducing the methods and techniques that can be useful in different levels of strategic management process, are the main parts of our paper. Strategic management Strategic management is rather a new field of knowledge. Its origin goes back to the work of two pioneers, Andrews and Chandler Error: Reference source not found. Andrews examined the process of strategy development. Chandler examined the links between strategy of organizations and their structure. The formulation-implementation model of Bower et al. Error: Reference source not found, and the analysis-choice-implementation model of Johnson and Scholes Error: Reference source not found are the two early followers of pioneers. In the 1980s Porter Error: Reference source not found,Error: Reference source not found applied concepts from industrial organization economics. He coined the term competitive advantage, developed the key concepts of focused and differentiated generic strategies as a means of gaining competitive advantage, and identified the value chain of activities of an organization as one of the key influencers of an organizations strategy. Also in the 1980s another move ment began that suggested that the process of strategy formulation and implementation did not take place separately. Instead it was suggested that formulation and implementation take place together in an incremental way Error: Reference source not found. It is also suggested that strategy emerges out of the process of strategy making Error: Reference source not found. In the late 1980s the focus of attention of strategy researchers moved from the position of organizations in the marketplace to the internal capabilities of the organization. Prahalad and Hamel Error: Reference source not found suggested that firms were successful because they had a small number of core competences that they were exceptionally good at and which allowed the organization compete in a number of different markets. Much of the strategic thinking in the early 1990s focused on improving operational effectiveness Error: Reference source not found and in this era movements such as total quality management an d business process reengineering Error: Reference source not found gained ground. Recent research has tended to focus more on the speed of change in the business world and the difficulty that firms have in adapting and reacting to a complex, dynamic and fast-changing environment Error: Reference source not found. Beinhocker Error: Reference source not found suggests that strategic thinking can benefit from complexity and evolutionary theories. Markides Error: Reference source not found suggests a dynamic model for strategy-making based on building internal variety, a premise of evolutionary theory. As depicted in ., strategic management encompasses the broad concepts of strategic planning and strategic implementation. The former focuses on the formulation and selection of strategy, the later includes the management and control of strategies in order to fulfill the mission of the organization and to meet goals and objectives. Strategic management Strategy Formulation S trategy Implementation Figure .components of strategic management Within these two components, a number of processes occur to decide a sustainable business strategy. As shown in Figure . Strategic management process [], a useful framework to simplify the conceptualization of the two strategic management components is made up of six elements. Figure . Strategic management process Information Technology Chaffey and Wood Error: Reference source not found described Information Technology as technology resources used for business information management. These resources include software, hardware and telecommunication networks used for managing information. According to Benemati et al. Error: Reference source not found, IT is changing rapidly and considering the increasing strategic impact of IT on business operations, its successful management is of utmost importance. Irani and Love Error: Reference source not found suggested that for IT management to be successful, it must be perceived as an iterative business process capable of providing organizational learning throughout the lifecycle of the technology. However, even when IT is managed successfully, the question arises, as to what role IT plays in the achievement of organizational strategic goals and objectives. In response to this question, Venkatraman et al. Error: Reference source not found and Franz and Klepper Error: Refer ence source not found postulated that the proper role of IT in an organization is usually characterized as a fit or alignment with the strategic goals of the organization. Therefore, IT can only be appropriately aligned when infrastructure put in place to implement the IT strategy is adequate. Also, the IT strategy must support the organizations strategy and business processes. IT in the strategic management context Strategic management is an ongoing process that uses information to assess the organization and its environment. Based on the assessment, strategic management sets goals and strategies to meet all existing and potential competitors. It then reassesses each strategy periodically and regularly to determine how it has been implemented, and whether it has succeeded or needs replacement by new strategy. Therefore, information is a vital input for the strategic management process. In order to clarify the need for information, the following sections devoted to the role of information technology in strategic management process. IT and the organizational purpose The strategic management process begins with the formulation of organizational purpose. Organizational objectives can be strategic, administrative, or operational. Strategic purpose provides the overall direction for the organization. Administrative objectives specify the necessary organizational infrastructure to accomplish the strategic objectives. Operational objectives identify specific work tasks that must be performed Error: Reference source not found. Organizational purpose encompasses vision and mission development. It also covers a definition of strategic goals and objectives of the organization Error: Reference source not found. The reality of vision and mission development and strategic goal and objective setting is typically not only undertaken when organization is in its beginning stages, but also is continually examined and perhaps refined. Now, the question is that how does technology help in the process of vision and mission development and strategic goal and obj ective setting? Developing a mission statement, on the other hand, tends to entail more analytical work, reworking and finalization or consensus within the organization. Hence, ideas need to be communicated and shared. This process may include individuals within a single building or campus setting but may also include individuals in other locations. Mission development may include employees at various levels or roles, as well as constituents such as consultants, shareholders, customers and suppliers Error: Reference source not found. Technology can not only facilitate the expedient discernment of ideas about the mission, but also can act as an instrument for real-time review, refinement and ultimate creation of the mission statement. IT as common as e-mail and on-line collaboration software, as well as tele- and video-conferencing systems, can play a critical role in mission development Error: Reference source not found. The internet and networks are the ultimate facilitators for organizations that work in conjunction with geographically distributed members in order to create, review and refine an important binding guide in the life of the organization. Furthermore, once the mission is finalized, IT acts as a key instrument to communicate the mission not only to all the employees, but also to customers, partners, suppliers and shareholders alike, especially through the use of intranets, extranets and public websites Error: Reference source not found. Without IT, developing and communicating a the mission would be substantially hampered and more costly Error: Reference source not found, and would not reach as wide an audience. As part of the development of the organizational purpose process, strategic goals typically are broad directions the organization wishes to pursue or results it wishes to accomplish within its mission. Logically, the ability to develop goals and objectives requires input not only from many individuals, but also from many data sou rces. Therefore, data must be obtained. Information must be shared. Insight must be gained. Debate and consensus must be pursued in order to agree on rational and achievable goals and objectives Error: Reference source not found. In todays enterprise, where corporate level, business-unit level, and even functional and operational goals and objectives must be developed in a timely manner, IT plays an important role in bridging both stakeholder and information in order to facilitate rationale decision making in this key developmental process. IT and research In order for the organization to develop an appropriate course of action to fulfill the vision, mission, and the strategic goals and objectives it has set for itself, an understanding of both the general external environment and its competitive environment must be developed. Given todays global economic business environment one underscored by speed and change organization would do well to keep abreast and monitor for changes and trends of strategic significance in order to maintain a productive fit. Environmental research enables an organization to monitor and analyze continuously ever-changing external conditions Error: Reference source not found. In order to fulfill the requirements of environmental research, enterprises resort to two major means to gather data and information, primary research and secondary research Error: Reference source not found. Primary research includes gathering information through interaction with people. Techniques typically include gathering infor mation through meetings, one-on-one interviews, focus groups and surveys. While many of these techniques may not be considered high-tech, the internet and the use of web-based surveying techniques are becoming quite popular for primary research. Secondary research includes the gathering of information through literature, publications, broadcast media, electronic new sources, information brokers and distributors, books and other non-human sources. For secondary research, the internet has perhaps become the de facto tool or source for information gathering Error: Reference source not found. Another aspect of environmental research concerns itself with continuous monitoring, learning and insight into the external and internal environment. Major changes in the environment can occur at any time. Additionally, an organization must also monitor the learning of its internal constituents to understand better the external environment Error: Reference source not found. Special groups such as market research and intelligence, competitive intelligence and customer intelligence, among others, have been established in many organizations to explore both the external environment and internal learning Error: Reference source not found. Hence, not only does internet technology (including intranets and extranets) become important, but also other technology, such as knowledge management, business intelligence software, decision support software, play a critical role in disseminating and analyzing vast amounts of data on the environment as well as valuable insights generated internally from the workforce Error: Reference source not found. IT and discovery The analysis of environmental information is crucial for executives to mold the organizations future Error: Reference source not found, Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not found. Information is needed about customers, suppliers, competitors, new technologies, the economy, labor markets, the international scene, demographic trends, and political developments Error: Reference source not found, Error: Reference source not found. Executives rely most heavily on external sources for this information (e.g., trade journals, friends in the industry), but internal sources are also used (e.g., managers in marketing). When it comes to strategic environmental information, executives have a limited number of sources which they constantly consult Error: Reference source not found. In the discovery process, key stakeholders in the business, as well as corporate planners, should be given the opportunity to incorporate the environmental data and forecasts developed in th e research process. Individuals within the organization should have the opportunity not only to review the output of the environment research, but also to assess the organizations internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external threats and opportunities in light of the data. The ultimate outcome of the discovery process is indeed about the future. While the forecasts developed in the research phase present static data about the future, or the what, scenarios are developed to better understand a dynamic element of the future, or the events describing why and how the future might evolve. Scenarios are devices for ordering ones perceptions about alternative environments within which ones decisions might be played out in the future. The goal is to develop at least two or three credible scenarios of the future, including anticipated and unanticipated scenarios, thus setting the stage for which strategies might be developed to thrive in each alternative scenario Error: Reference so urce not found. The biggest benefit of technology in the discovery process is making data and information available to those who need it. For example, Nokia involves upwards of 250 employees in its strategy process Error: Reference source not found. Technologies such as specialized databases, made available through intranet systems, are apparently simple, yet important tools to help facilitate discovery Error: Reference source not found. Sophisticated enterprises have developed specialized research and discovery databases with navigational aids, e-mail and e-mail alerts, feedback mechanisms and reports that summarize changes in the environment on a continual and real-time basis. Furthermore, advanced data mining, data visualization and business intelligence software prove extremely useful not only to mine internal databases, but also to help find patterns and trends in the data that may reveal critical aspects useful in crafting or modifying strategies Error: Reference source not found. IT and opportunity identification A typical approach, in the opportunity identification process, is to develop teams of researchers, executives and managers to evaluate the output of the research and discovery phases Error: Reference source not found. Hence, market opportunities must be defined against the plausible future scenarios. Not only must markets be defined, but also their relative attractiveness which may include the market outlook, competitive landscape and fit with the various scenarios created in the discovery process. The key thrust of this process is to engage the sum experience, knowledge and intuition of a variety of individuals within the organization, in order to develop a robust set of strategic choices that the organization may or may not choose to pursue Error: Reference source not found. This stage of the strategic management process includes a wide variety of techniques Error: Reference source not found, including brainstorming, worksheet input, meetings, teleconferencing, videoconferenci ng, and information distribution and presentation Error: Reference source not found. The tasks necessary to create a range of strategic choices can be tedious and time consuming. IT, obviously, plays a critical role here, particularly in plotting, disseminating and presenting work from a variety of individuals and teams. Databases, packaged software, e-mail, the internet and private networks Error: Reference source not found are critical to the opportunity identification process. IT and recommendations The recommendations process is that stage where strategic decisions must be made. Ultimately, in any strategy formulation exercise, an organization is trying to make decisions on where it is going to play, how it is going to win and how it is going to sustain an advantage in its markets Error: Reference source not found. At this stage, a range of strategic options, which may or may not be valid, have been plotted in the option prioritization framework for further evaluation and the organizations choice of strategic positioning is decided in the recommendations process Error: Reference source not found. In this phase of strategic management process the different strategies are then evaluated on various financial and non-financial criteria and the best strategies are selected for implementation Error: Reference source not found. Information systems such as Executive information systems (EISs) Error: Reference source not found and OLAP (On-line Analytical Processing)